A-Z of cancer
Find out about the different types of cancer from A to Z, including their risk factors, symptoms, tests and treatments.
A
Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL)
Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is a type of blood cancer that starts from white blood cells called lymphocytes in the bone marrow. Adults and children can get it but it is most often diagnosed in younger people.
Chemotherapy is the main treatment. Some people also have a stem cell transplant, targeted cancer drugs, immunotherapy or radiotherapy.
Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) in children
Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is a type of blood cancer. Chemotherapy is the main treatment. Leukaemia is the most common type of cancer affecting children and ALL is the most common type of leukaemia diagnosed in children, aged 0 to 4. Around 400 children are diagnosed with ALL in the UK each year.
Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML)
Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is a type of blood cancer that starts from young white blood cells called granulocytes or monocytes in the bone marrow. Adults and children can get it, but it is most often diagnosed in older people. Chemotherapy is the main treatment, you might also have a bone marrow or stem cell transplant.
Adrenal gland tumours
There are two adrenal glands, one above each kidney. They make hormones that help the body work properly and are vital to life.
Most tumours of the adrenal gland are called adenomas. These are not cancer, they are benign tumours. Rarely, cancer can develop in the adrenal glands. There are different types of adrenal gland cancer, including
phaeochromocytoma
and adrenal cortical cancer.
Anal cancer
Anal cancer is cancer that starts in the anus. The anus is the part of the large bowel that opens to the outside of the body. Poo (stool) passes through it when you empty your bowels.
Anal cancer is a rare cancer. It is different from cancer that starts in the rectum or colon (bowel cancer). Your treatment depends on several factors. These include what type of anal cancer you have, where it is in the anus (location), how big it is and whether it has spread (the stage). It also depends on your general health.
The main treatments for anal cancer are surgery, and combined radiotherapy and chemotherapy (chemoradiotherapy). You may also have treatment to reduce the symptoms and help you feel better. A team of doctors and other professionals discuss the best treatment and care for you.
Anal cancer is a rare cancer. It is different from cancer that starts in the rectum or colon (bowel cancer). Your treatment depends on several factors. These include what type of anal cancer you have, where it is in the anus (location), how big it is and whether it has spread (the stage). It also depends on your general health.
The main treatments for anal cancer are surgery, and combined radiotherapy and chemotherapy (chemoradiotherapy). You may also have treatment to reduce the symptoms and help you feel better. A team of doctors and other professionals discuss the best treatment and care for you.
Annual reports
Click here to read the Cancer Alliance's annual reports.
Awareness and Early Diagnosis programme
Humber and North Yorkshire Cancer Alliance seeks to improve cancer survival rates by ensuring more people are diagnosed at an earlier stage, and by improving cancer awareness and uptake of screening.
Click here to view the Awareness and Early Diagnosis programme page.
Click here to view the Awareness and Early Diagnosis programme page.
B
Bile duct cancer
Bile duct cancer is also called cholangiocarcinoma. It is a rare type of cancer that starts in the bile ducts.
The bile ducts are small tubes that connect the liver and gallbladder to the small bowel - they carry a fluid called bile. This helps to break down fat from the food we eat making it easier to digest. Your treatment depends on what type of bile duct cancer it is, the stage of the cancer and your general health.
The main treatment for bile duct cancer that hasn't spread is surgery followed by chemotherapy.
Unfortunately, bile duct cancer has normally spread outside the bile ducts by the time most people are diagnosed. This is called advanced bile duct cancer. You normally have chemotherapy, immunotherapy or targeted cancer drugs to treat advanced bile duct cancer.
You also have treatment to control the symptoms of bile duct cancer. This includes having a procedure to open a blocked bile which can relieve jaundice. Some people may have radiotherapy to control the symptoms of advanced bile duct cancer.
The bile ducts are small tubes that connect the liver and gallbladder to the small bowel - they carry a fluid called bile. This helps to break down fat from the food we eat making it easier to digest. Your treatment depends on what type of bile duct cancer it is, the stage of the cancer and your general health.
The main treatment for bile duct cancer that hasn't spread is surgery followed by chemotherapy.
Unfortunately, bile duct cancer has normally spread outside the bile ducts by the time most people are diagnosed. This is called advanced bile duct cancer. You normally have chemotherapy, immunotherapy or targeted cancer drugs to treat advanced bile duct cancer.
You also have treatment to control the symptoms of bile duct cancer. This includes having a procedure to open a blocked bile which can relieve jaundice. Some people may have radiotherapy to control the symptoms of advanced bile duct cancer.
Bladder cancer
Bladder cancer is cancer that starts in the lining of the bladder. The bladder is part of the body system that filters waste products out of your blood and makes urine (wee). This is called the urinary system, or urinary tract.
Your treatment depends on several factors including the stage of your bladder cancer. So it is important you know what stage of cancer you have. The stage of your bladder cancer describes how far your cancer has spread.
Your doctor might describe your bladder cancer as:
- non muscle invasive bladder cancer - the cancer is only in the lining or the connective tissue beneath the bladder lining
- muscle invasive bladder cancer - the cancer has grown into a deeper (muscle) layer of the bladder, or beyond
- metastatic bladder cancer - the cancer has spread from the bladder to a distant part of your body
Your treatment depends on several factors including the stage of your bladder cancer. So it is important you know what stage of cancer you have. The stage of your bladder cancer describes how far your cancer has spread.
Your doctor might describe your bladder cancer as:
- non muscle invasive bladder cancer - the cancer is only in the lining or the connective tissue beneath the bladder lining
- muscle invasive bladder cancer - the cancer has grown into a deeper (muscle) layer of the bladder, or beyond
- metastatic bladder cancer - the cancer has spread from the bladder to a distant part of your body
Blood cancers
Blood cancers affect the production and function of blood cells. There are three main groups - leukaemia, lymphoma and myeloma. Within these groups, there are different types. Click here to find out more.
Bone cancer
Bone cancer is a rare cancer that starts in the bones. It is also called bone sarcoma. There are more than 200 bones in the human body. Together they form the skeleton. The bones support the body, protect parts of it, and act as levers for the muscles so we can stand and move. If your cancer has spread into bone from another part of the body, it is called secondary bone cancer.
The main treatments for cancer that starts in your bone (primary bone cancer) include:
- surgery
- chemotherapy
- radiotherapy
You might have a combination of these treatments. Some people might have a targeted treatment.
The main treatments for cancer that starts in your bone (primary bone cancer) include:
- surgery
- chemotherapy
- radiotherapy
You might have a combination of these treatments. Some people might have a targeted treatment.
Bowel cancer
Bowel cancer means cancer that starts in the large bowel (colon) and the back passage (rectum). It is also known as colorectal cancer.
Your treatment depends on a number of factors including where the cancer starts in your bowel, how far the cancer has grown, whether it has spread anywhere else in your body and your general health. A team of doctors and other professionals discuss the best treatment and care for you.
The bowel is split into two parts - the small bowel and the large bowel. The large bowel includes the colon, the rectum and the bowel opening (anus).
Your treatment depends on a number of factors including where the cancer starts in your bowel, how far the cancer has grown, whether it has spread anywhere else in your body and your general health. A team of doctors and other professionals discuss the best treatment and care for you.
The bowel is split into two parts - the small bowel and the large bowel. The large bowel includes the colon, the rectum and the bowel opening (anus).
Brain tumours
Tumours that start in the brain are called primary brain tumours. Tumours can start in any part of the brain or related structures.
Cancers that have spread to the brain from somewhere else in the body are called secondary brain tumours or brain metastases.
Cancers that have spread to the brain from somewhere else in the body are called secondary brain tumours or brain metastases.
The main treatments for brain tumours are surgery and radiotherapy. Some people might have chemotherapy. Your treatment depends on the type of tumour you have, where it is and your general health.
Cancers that have spread to the brain from somewhere else in the body are called secondary brain tumours or brain metastases.
Cancers that have spread to the brain from somewhere else in the body are called secondary brain tumours or brain metastases.
The main treatments for brain tumours are surgery and radiotherapy. Some people might have chemotherapy. Your treatment depends on the type of tumour you have, where it is and your general health.
Breast cancer
Breast cancer is cancer that starts in the breast tissue. The treatment you need depends on the type of breast cancer you have as well as your general health. Treatments include surgery, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and radiotherapy.
If breast cancer spreads to another part of the body, it is called secondary breast cancer.
Treatment for breast cancer depends on several factors. These include where your cancer is, how big it is, whether the cancer cells have certain proteins (receptors), and your general health. A team of doctors and other professionals decide on the best treatment and care for you.
Surgery is often the first treatment for breast cancer. Other common treatments include radiotherapy, hormone therapy, chemotherapy and targeted drugs.
If breast cancer spreads to another part of the body, it is called secondary breast cancer.
Treatment for breast cancer depends on several factors. These include where your cancer is, how big it is, whether the cancer cells have certain proteins (receptors), and your general health. A team of doctors and other professionals decide on the best treatment and care for you.
Surgery is often the first treatment for breast cancer. Other common treatments include radiotherapy, hormone therapy, chemotherapy and targeted drugs.
Breast cancer in men
Breast cancer can develop in men, but this is rare. This is because men have breast tissue around the nipple area. There are around 370 men diagnosed each year in the UK. This compares to around 55,500 cases in women.
C
Cancer Alliances
Cancer Alliances bring together clinical and managerial leaders from different hospital trusts and other health and social care organisations, to transform the diagnosis, treatment and care for cancer patients in their local area. These partnerships enable care to be more effectively planned across local cancer pathways.
Cancer Alliance documents
Click here to read Cancer Alliance documents, including annual plans, reports and strategies.
Cancer Diagnostics and Innovation programme
The Cancer Diagnostics and Innovation programme is working to understand where the gaps in diagnostics capacity are and co-develop strategic plans for radiology, pathology and endoscopy services.
Click here to view the Cancer Diagnostics and Innovation programme page.
Cancer causes: age
Cancer risk increases as we age. Anyone can get cancer, but most cases are in people over the age of 50. Cancer starts when our cells get damaged. The older we get, the more time there is for cell damage to build up, which can lead to cancer.
Cancer causes: air pollution
Although air pollution is a risk factor for lung cancer, the risk is relatively small.
Many more lung cancer cases are caused by smoking than air pollution.
Cancer causes: alcohol
Alcohol causes seven different types of cancer. It’s alcohol itself that causes damage to your body - the type of alcohol you drink doesn’t matter. Whatever your drinking habits, cutting down will reduce your risk of cancer.
Cancer causes: diet
Eating a healthy and balanced diet can reduce the risk of cancer.
This is partly because of the diet itself, but mostly because it can help you keep a healthy weight or lose weight.
Cancer causes: hormones
Our natural hormone levels change across our lifetime, because of things like puberty, pregnancy and menopause.
Taking the pill or HRT affects our hormone levels and cancer risk.
Cancer causes: HPV and infections
You can’t catch cancer.
But some infections, such as HPV, can increase your risk.
Cancer causes: inherited genes
Most cancers are not hereditary. But some people have inherited faulty genes that increase their risk of developing particular types of cancer.
Genetic testing is available for some of these faulty genes.
Cancer causes: obesity and weight
Overweight and obesity is the second biggest cause of cancer. Being overweight doesn’t mean that you'll definitely develop cancer. But if you are overweight you are more likely to get cancer than if you are a healthy weight.
Cancer causes: smoking and tobacco
Smoking causes at least 16 different types of cancer, and tobacco is the biggest cause of cancer in the world.
It's never too late to stop smoking, and you don't have to go it alone.
Cancer causes: sun and UV
Too much ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or sunbeds can damage DNA in your skin cells and cause skin cancer.
In the UK, almost nine in 10 cases of melanoma skin cancer could be prevented by staying safe in the sun and avoiding sunbeds.
The best way to enjoy the sun safely and protect your skin is to use shade, clothing and sunscreen.
Cancer causes: workplace risks
Working in some jobs or workplaces may mean a higher risk of some types of cancer.
In the UK, there are strict health and safety laws to control risks in the workplace.
Employers have a legal duty to protect the health and safety of their employees. Types of work that can have a higher risk of cancer include construction and painting, agriculture, forestry and fishing, and manufacturing and mining.
Employers have a legal duty to protect the health and safety of their employees. Types of work that can have a higher risk of cancer include construction and painting, agriculture, forestry and fishing, and manufacturing and mining.
Cancer Champions
The Cancer Champions programme aims to equip people with the knowledge and confidence to have conversations about cancer with family members, friends, and colleagues.
No skills, qualifications or any specialised knowledge of cancer is required to take part in Cancer Champions training. Our free awareness sessions teach people about the key facts, statistics, symptoms, and screenings linked to a number of cancers.
Click here to find out more about the programme and upcoming Cancer Champions sessions.
No skills, qualifications or any specialised knowledge of cancer is required to take part in Cancer Champions training. Our free awareness sessions teach people about the key facts, statistics, symptoms, and screenings linked to a number of cancers.
Click here to find out more about the programme and upcoming Cancer Champions sessions.
Cancer drugs
There are many cancer drugs and cancer drug combinations. They have individual side effects. The list includes chemotherapy, hormone therapies, targeted cancer drugs, immunotherapy drugs and bisphosphonates.
Click here to learn more about the different types of cancer drugs.
Click here to learn more about the different types of cancer drugs.
Cancer of unknown primary (CUP)
Cancer of unknown primary (CUP) means that cancer spread has been found in your body (secondary cancer), but your doctors can't find where the cancer started (the primary cancer). It is sometimes called unknown primary cancer or unknown primary tumour.
The tests and treatments for cancer of unknown primary in children and young adults might be different to adults.
The tests and treatments for cancer of unknown primary in children and young adults might be different to adults.
Cancer spread to bone
Secondary bone cancer is when a cancer that started in another part of the body has spread to the bones. Where the cancer first started is called the primary cancer.
It is difficult to cope with a diagnosis of secondary cancer but understanding more about it and the treatment you might have can help.
It is difficult to cope with a diagnosis of secondary cancer but understanding more about it and the treatment you might have can help.
Cancer spread to brain
Secondary brain cancer is when a cancer that started in another part of the body has spread to the brain. Where the cancer started is called the primary cancer.
It is not easy to cope with a diagnosis of secondary brain cancer but understanding more about it and the treatment you might have can help.
It is not easy to cope with a diagnosis of secondary brain cancer but understanding more about it and the treatment you might have can help.
Cancer spread to liver
Secondary liver cancer is when a cancer that has started in another part of the body has spread to the liver. Where the cancer started is called the primary cancer.
It is not easy to cope with a diagnosis of secondary liver cancer but understanding more about it and the treatment you might have can help.
It is not easy to cope with a diagnosis of secondary liver cancer but understanding more about it and the treatment you might have can help.
Cancer spread to lung
Secondary lung cancer is when a cancer that started somewhere else in the body has spread to the lung.
It is not easy to cope with a diagnosis of secondary lung cancer, but understanding more about it and the treatment you might have can help.
It is not easy to cope with a diagnosis of secondary lung cancer, but understanding more about it and the treatment you might have can help.
Carcinoid
Neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) are rare tumours that develop in cells of the neuroendocrine system. Some types of NETs are also called carcinoid tumours. There are a number of different types. The type you have depends on the particular cells that the tumour starts in.
Unfortunately, many people are only diagnosed after the tumour has spread to other parts of the body.
However, it may still be possible to use surgery to remove the tumour. If surgery cannot completely cure your condition, it may be used to help reduce and manage any symptoms.
Unfortunately, many people are only diagnosed after the tumour has spread to other parts of the body.
However, it may still be possible to use surgery to remove the tumour. If surgery cannot completely cure your condition, it may be used to help reduce and manage any symptoms.
Cervical cancer
Cervical cancer is when abnormal cells in the lining of the cervix grow in an uncontrolled way. The cervix is part of the female reproductive system. It is the opening to the vagina from the womb. The main symptom is unusual bleeding from the vagina. Finding changes in the cells through screening can help to prevent cancer developing.
The main treatments for cervical cancer are surgery or a combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy (chemoradiotherapy). You may also have treatment to reduce the symptoms and help you feel better.
The main treatments for cervical cancer are surgery or a combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy (chemoradiotherapy). You may also have treatment to reduce the symptoms and help you feel better.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy
is a cancer treatment where medicine is used to kill cancer cells.
There are many different types of chemotherapy medicine, but they all work in a similar way.
They stop cancer cells reproducing, which prevents them from growing and spreading in the body.
Cholangiocarcinoma
Bile duct cancer is also called cholangiocarcinoma. It is a rare type of cancer that starts in the bile ducts.
The bile ducts are small tubes that connect the liver and gallbladder to the small bowel - they carry a fluid called bile. This helps to break down fat from the food we eat making it easier to digest.
The bile ducts are small tubes that connect the liver and gallbladder to the small bowel - they carry a fluid called bile. This helps to break down fat from the food we eat making it easier to digest.
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL)
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is a type of blood cancer. It affects the blood and bone marrow. CLL affects the white blood cells called lymphocytes. It tends to develop very slowly.
There are different types of leukaemia and the treatment you need depends on which type you have. You may not need treatment straight away if you have early stage CLL and you don't have symptoms. Your treatment depends on several factors. These include your symptoms and your general health. The main treatment for CLL is targeted cancer drugs.
There are different types of leukaemia and the treatment you need depends on which type you have. You may not need treatment straight away if you have early stage CLL and you don't have symptoms. Your treatment depends on several factors. These include your symptoms and your general health. The main treatment for CLL is targeted cancer drugs.
Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML)
Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML)
is a type of blood cancer. It affects the blood and bone marrow. It tends to develop very slowly.
There are different types of leukaemia and the treatment you need depends on which type you have.
Chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia (CMML)
Chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia (CMML) is a rare type of blood cancer. In CMML there are too many monocytes in the blood. Monocytes are a type of white blood cell that fights infection.
A team of health professionals decides what treatment options you have. The most common treatments for chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) are targeted cancer drugs. These drugs are called tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs).
A team of health professionals decides what treatment options you have. The most common treatments for chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) are targeted cancer drugs. These drugs are called tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs).
Colorectal cancer
Bowel cancer means cancer that starts in the large bowel (colon) and the back passage (rectum). It is also known as
colorectal cancer. Your treatment depends on where the cancer starts in your bowel.
The bowel is split into two parts - the small bowel and the large bowel. The large bowel includes the colon, the rectum and the bowel opening (anus). Your treatment depends on whether you have colon or rectal cancer.
The bowel is split into two parts - the small bowel and the large bowel. The large bowel includes the colon, the rectum and the bowel opening (anus). Your treatment depends on whether you have colon or rectal cancer.
Communications and Engagement programme
The programme is responsible for raising the Cancer Alliance’s profile, enhancing its reputation, and linking the Cancer Alliance with a number of stakeholders.
Click here to view the Communications and Engagement programme page.
Click here to view the Communications and Engagement programme page.
E
Ear cancer
Ear cancer is when abnormal cells in the ear start to grow and divide in an uncontrolled way. There are three parts to the ear. These are the outer, middle or inner ear. Although rare, cancer can affect all of these parts.
Most of these cancers start in the skin of the outer ear. Cancers that develop inside the ear (the middle and inner ear) are rare.
The main treatment for cancer that starts in the ear canal, middle and inner ear or the bone is surgery item and radiotherapy.
You might have surgery or radiotherapy, or a combination of both to treat cancer of the outer ear.
Most of these cancers start in the skin of the outer ear. Cancers that develop inside the ear (the middle and inner ear) are rare.
The main treatment for cancer that starts in the ear canal, middle and inner ear or the bone is surgery item and radiotherapy.
You might have surgery or radiotherapy, or a combination of both to treat cancer of the outer ear.
Endometrial cancer
Endometrial cancer is the most common type of womb cancer. Most womb cancer usually starts in the lining of the womb (endometrium), this is also known as endometrial cancer.
Womb cancer is sometimes called uterine cancer by doctors. The uterus is the medical name for the womb. The endometrium is the lining of the womb.
The main treatment is surgery. After surgery, or if surgery isn't possible, you might have chemotherapy, radiotherapy or a combination of treatments. You may also have treatment to reduce the symptoms and help you feel better.
The main treatment is surgery. After surgery, or if surgery isn't possible, you might have chemotherapy, radiotherapy or a combination of treatments. You may also have treatment to reduce the symptoms and help you feel better.
Essential thrombocythaemia (ET)
Essential thrombocythaemia (ET) is a rare blood cancer that causes a high number of blood cells called platelets to form. These cells are involved in blood clotting. It is one of a group of conditions called myeloproliferative neoplasms.
Events
Click here to view Cancer Alliance events.
Eye cancer
Eye cancer includes different types of cancer. The type of eye cancer you have depends on the type of cell it starts in. There are different parts of the eye, and some of these are more likely to get cancer than others.
The main treatments for eye cancer are surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. You may also have treatment to reduce the symptoms and help you feel better.
The main treatments for eye cancer are surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. You may also have treatment to reduce the symptoms and help you feel better.
F
Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma
Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma (FDC sarcoma) is a very rare type of sarcoma. Some of its symptoms, such as painless swollen lymph nodes, are like that of lymphoma. Lymphoma is a type of blood cancer.
As follicular dendritic cell sarcoma is very rare, standard treatment guidelines are not that clear compared to most other cancers.
As follicular dendritic cell sarcoma is very rare, standard treatment guidelines are not that clear compared to most other cancers.
G
Gallbladder cancer
Gallbladder cancer is a cancer that begins in the gallbladder, which is part of the digestive system. The gallbladder is a small pouch that stores bile. Bile is a fluid that helps us digest food and break down fats.
Treatment for gallbladder cancer includes surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and targeted drugs.
Treatment for gallbladder cancer includes surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and targeted drugs.
Gastric cancer
Stomach cancer is also called gastric cancer. It’s more common in older people and in men.
The stomach is part of the digestive system. It stores food and helps to break food down so our body can absorb it.
A team of health professionals will discuss the best treatment for you. This depends on factors such as your cancer stage and grade. You might have one or more treatments. These include surgery, chemotherapy, targeted and immunotherapy cancer drugs and radiotherapy.
The stomach is part of the digestive system. It stores food and helps to break food down so our body can absorb it.
A team of health professionals will discuss the best treatment for you. This depends on factors such as your cancer stage and grade. You might have one or more treatments. These include surgery, chemotherapy, targeted and immunotherapy cancer drugs and radiotherapy.
Gastro oesophageal junction cancers
Gastro oesophageal junction (GOJ) cancer starts where your food pipe (oesophagus) joins your stomach. It might also be called oesophago gastric junctional cancer.
Treatment depends on your type of GOJ cancer and how far it’s grown.
Treatment depends on your type of GOJ cancer and how far it’s grown.
Germ cell tumours
Germ cell tumours develop in germ cells. These are the cells in the body that develop into sperm and eggs. Germ cell tumours most often develop in the ovary or testicle because this is where most germ cells are.
But germ cells can sometimes be left behind in other parts of the body from when you developed in the womb. So these tumours can develop anywhere in your body where there are germ cells.
Germ cell tumours that grow outside the ovary or testicle are very rare. Doctors call them extragonadal germ cell tumours (EGGCT).
The main treatments are surgery and chemotherapy. Your treatment depends on your type of germ cell tumour and whereabouts it is in your body.
But germ cells can sometimes be left behind in other parts of the body from when you developed in the womb. So these tumours can develop anywhere in your body where there are germ cells.
Germ cell tumours that grow outside the ovary or testicle are very rare. Doctors call them extragonadal germ cell tumours (EGGCT).
The main treatments are surgery and chemotherapy. Your treatment depends on your type of germ cell tumour and whereabouts it is in your body.
Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD)
Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is the name for abnormal cells or tumours that start in the womb from cells that would normally develop into the placenta. They are extremely rare but can happen during or after pregnancy. Most are non cancerous (benign) but some are cancerous. They are different to womb cancer.
H
Hairy cell leukaemia
Hairy cell leukaemia is a rare type of chronic leukaemia. The leukaemic blood cells have tiny, hair like outgrowths on their surface. This is where the name comes from.
You may not need treatment straight away if you have hairy cell leukaemia and you don't have symptoms. Your doctor might monitor you regularly.
If you do have symptoms then you will have treatment. The main treatment for hairy cell leukaemia is chemotherapy.
You may not need treatment straight away if you have hairy cell leukaemia and you don't have symptoms. Your doctor might monitor you regularly.
If you do have symptoms then you will have treatment. The main treatment for hairy cell leukaemia is chemotherapy.
Head and neck cancer
Head and neck cancer is a general term that covers many different types of cancer. The treatment you need depends on the type of cancer you have. We have information about the main types of head and neck cancer.
When looking for information about head and neck cancer, it's important to know which type you want to know about. Ask your doctor or specialist nurse if you aren't sure.
When looking for information about head and neck cancer, it's important to know which type you want to know about. Ask your doctor or specialist nurse if you aren't sure.
Health and wellbeing
Health and wellbeing includes the provision of accessible information about emotional support, coping with side effects, financial advice, getting back to work and making healthy lifestyle choices.
Click here for more information about the support available for cancer patients.
Click here for more information about the support available for cancer patients.
Health Inequalities programme
Health inequalities are avoidable and unfair differences in health between different groups of people, the differences in healthcare they receive, and opportunities they have to lead healthy lives.
Click here to view the Health Inequalities programme page.
Click here to view the Health Inequalities programme page.
Hodgkin lymphoma
Hodgkin lymphoma is a cancer that starts in white blood cells called lymphocytes. it is also called a cancer of the lymphatic system.
The main treatments for Hodgkin lymphoma include:
- chemotherapy
- radiotherapy
- targeted cancer drugs
- stem cell transplants
The main treatments for Hodgkin lymphoma include:
- chemotherapy
- radiotherapy
- targeted cancer drugs
- stem cell transplants
Hormone therapy
Hormones are natural substances made by glands in our bodies. They are carried around our body in our bloodstream and act as messengers between one part of our body and another.
Hormone therapy blocks or lowers the amount of hormones in the body to stop or slow down the growth of cancer. Doctors use it to treat some cancers such as breast and prostate cancer.
Hormone therapy blocks or lowers the amount of hormones in the body to stop or slow down the growth of cancer. Doctors use it to treat some cancers such as breast and prostate cancer.
Hospital transport
East Riding services:
- Yorkshire Ambulance Service 0330 678 4100
- Medibus 03456 445959 / passengerbookings@eastriding.gov.uk
- Humber and Wolds Rural Action 01652 637700
Hull services:
- Yorkshire Ambulance Service 0330 678 4100
- East Hull Community Transport 01482 719600
North Yorkshire services:
- Yorkshire Ambulance Service 0330 678 4100
- Go Local
- York Hospital Bus – Park and Ride
Park at Rawcliffe Bar Park & Ride (YO30 5XZ). Buses to York Hospital (marked HSB) run every 20 minutes between 6am and 8:30pm.
- Ryedale Community 01653 699059
- Up For Yorkshire 01757 708036 / 01757 291111
- Scarborough Dial a Ride 01723 354434 / admin@scarboroughdialaride.org
For patients over 60 or with a disability.
- Easingwold Voluntary Car Scheme 01347 822598 / carscheme@edcca.org.uk
For patients over 60 or with a disability. Unfortunately, Easingwold Voluntary Car Scheme cannot take same-day bookings.
York services:
- Yorkshire Ambulance Service 0330 678 4100
- York Wheels 01904 630080 / info@yorkwheels.org.uk
- York Hospital Bus – Park and Ride
Park at Rawcliffe Bar Park & Ride (YO30 5XZ). Buses to York Hospital (marked HSB) run every 20 minutes between 6am and 8:30pm.
North Lincolnshire services:
- Call Connect 0345 456 4474
- Humber and Wolds Rural Action 01652 637700
- East Midlands Ambulance Service 0300 300 3434
- HTG 0808 164 4696
- JustGo North Lincs 01482 592949 / info@justgonorthlincs.co.uk
North East Lincolnshire services:
- Humber and Wolds Rural Action 01652 637700
- HTG 0808 164 4696
- Dial a Ride North East Lincolnshire 01472 269199 / grimsbydialaride@yahoo.co.uk
- Yorkshire Ambulance Service 0330 678 4100
- Medibus 03456 445959 / passengerbookings@eastriding.gov.uk
- Humber and Wolds Rural Action 01652 637700
Hull services:
- Yorkshire Ambulance Service 0330 678 4100
- East Hull Community Transport 01482 719600
North Yorkshire services:
- Yorkshire Ambulance Service 0330 678 4100
- Go Local
- York Hospital Bus – Park and Ride
Park at Rawcliffe Bar Park & Ride (YO30 5XZ). Buses to York Hospital (marked HSB) run every 20 minutes between 6am and 8:30pm.
- Ryedale Community 01653 699059
- Up For Yorkshire 01757 708036 / 01757 291111
- Scarborough Dial a Ride 01723 354434 / admin@scarboroughdialaride.org
For patients over 60 or with a disability.
- Easingwold Voluntary Car Scheme 01347 822598 / carscheme@edcca.org.uk
For patients over 60 or with a disability. Unfortunately, Easingwold Voluntary Car Scheme cannot take same-day bookings.
York services:
- Yorkshire Ambulance Service 0330 678 4100
- York Wheels 01904 630080 / info@yorkwheels.org.uk
- York Hospital Bus – Park and Ride
Park at Rawcliffe Bar Park & Ride (YO30 5XZ). Buses to York Hospital (marked HSB) run every 20 minutes between 6am and 8:30pm.
North Lincolnshire services:
- Call Connect 0345 456 4474
- Humber and Wolds Rural Action 01652 637700
- East Midlands Ambulance Service 0300 300 3434
- HTG 0808 164 4696
- JustGo North Lincs 01482 592949 / info@justgonorthlincs.co.uk
North East Lincolnshire services:
- Humber and Wolds Rural Action 01652 637700
- HTG 0808 164 4696
- Dial a Ride North East Lincolnshire 01472 269199 / grimsbydialaride@yahoo.co.uk
I
Immunotherapy
Immunotherapy uses our immune system to fight cancer. It works by helping the immune system recognise and attack cancer cells.
You might have immunotherapy on its own or with other cancer treatments. Immunotherapy is a standard treatment for some types of cancer. And it is in clinical trials for other types of cancer.
There are different types of immunotherapy:
- monoclonal antibodies (MABs)
- checkpoint inhibitors
- vaccines
- cytokines
- CAR T-cell therapy
Some types of immunotherapies are also called targeted treatments or biological therapies.
You might have immunotherapy on its own or with other cancer treatments. Immunotherapy is a standard treatment for some types of cancer. And it is in clinical trials for other types of cancer.
There are different types of immunotherapy:
- monoclonal antibodies (MABs)
- checkpoint inhibitors
- vaccines
- cytokines
- CAR T-cell therapy
Some types of immunotherapies are also called targeted treatments or biological therapies.
Invasive mole and choriocarcinoma
Invasive mole and choriocarcinoma are very rare types of cancer that can occur after pregnancy. They are types of gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD). Invasive mole is also called persistent trophoblastic disease (PTD).
The main treatment for invasive mole or choriocarcinoma is chemotherapy. But some women might be offered surgery.
The main treatment for invasive mole or choriocarcinoma is chemotherapy. But some women might be offered surgery.
J
Juvenile myelomonocytic leukaemia (JMML)
Juvenile myelomonocytic leukaemia (JMML) is a very rare type of slowly developing (chronic) blood cancer that occurs in young children. It used to be called:
- juvenile chronic myelogenous leukaemia (JCML)
- chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia of childhood
- juvenile chronic myelogenous leukaemia (JCML)
- chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia of childhood
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Kaposi's sarcoma
Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a rare type of soft tissue sarcoma. A soft tissue sarcoma is a type of cancer.
Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) develops from cells called endothelial cells, which line the blood and lymph vessels. It is most commonly found on the skin, but it can also affect the inside of the body, such as the:
- lymph nodes
- lungs
- bowel
- liver
- spleen
Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) develops from cells called endothelial cells, which line the blood and lymph vessels. It is most commonly found on the skin, but it can also affect the inside of the body, such as the:
- lymph nodes
- lungs
- bowel
- liver
- spleen
Kidney cancer
Kidney cancer is cancer that starts in the kidneys. The kidneys are bean shaped organs near the middle of your back. You normally have two kidneys and they are each about the size of a fist. They filter waste products out of your blood as urine.
If kidney cancer spreads to another part of the body, it is called advanced or metastatic kidney cancer
Surgery is the main treatment for kidney cancer that hasn't spread to another part of the body. If there is a higher chance of the cancer coming back after surgery, you may have an immunotherapy drug afterwards.
Sometimes your doctor may recommend another procedure instead of an operation. And some people may not need any treatment at all to start with.
Advanced (metastatic) cancer means the cancer has spread to another part of your body. If you have advanced kidney cancer the treatments may be different.
Surgery is the main treatment for kidney cancer that hasn't spread to another part of the body. If there is a higher chance of the cancer coming back after surgery, you may have an immunotherapy drug afterwards.
Sometimes your doctor may recommend another procedure instead of an operation. And some people may not need any treatment at all to start with.
Advanced (metastatic) cancer means the cancer has spread to another part of your body. If you have advanced kidney cancer the treatments may be different.
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Large bowel and rectal neuroendocrine tumours
Neuroendocrine tumours (NETs)
are cancers that start in different places in the body, including the large bowel (colon) and back passage (rectum).
The treatment you have for a large bowel or rectal neuroendocrine tumour (NET) depends on a number of factors. This includes where the cancer started, its size and whether it has spread (the stage).
Surgery is the main treatment for large bowel and rectal NETs and is usually the only treatment that can cure it.
The treatment you have for a large bowel or rectal neuroendocrine tumour (NET) depends on a number of factors. This includes where the cancer started, its size and whether it has spread (the stage).
Surgery is the main treatment for large bowel and rectal NETs and is usually the only treatment that can cure it.
Laryngeal cancer
Laryngeal cancer is a cancer that starts in the larynx (voice box).
The voice box sits above the windpipe (trachea) in the neck and in front of the food pipe. Laryngeal cancer is more common in men than in women.
The main treatments for laryngeal cancer are surgery and radiotherapy. Or You might have a combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy (chemoradiotherapy).
The voice box sits above the windpipe (trachea) in the neck and in front of the food pipe. Laryngeal cancer is more common in men than in women.
The main treatments for laryngeal cancer are surgery and radiotherapy. Or You might have a combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy (chemoradiotherapy).
Leukaemia
Leukaemia is a type of blood cancer. There are different types of leukaemia and the treatment you need depends on the type.
When you're looking for information about leukaemia, make sure you know which type you want to know about. Ask your doctor or specialist nurse if you aren't sure.
Philadelphia positive leukaemia is when you have a particular change in the chromosomes of the leukaemia cells. This can happen in ALL and CML.
When you're looking for information about leukaemia, make sure you know which type you want to know about. Ask your doctor or specialist nurse if you aren't sure.
Philadelphia positive leukaemia is when you have a particular change in the chromosomes of the leukaemia cells. This can happen in ALL and CML.
Linitis plastica of the stomach
Gastric linitis plastica is the medical term for a rare type of stomach (gastric) cancer. It can thicken your stomach wall and affect digestion.
Treatment for linitis plastica is like treatment for other types of stomach cancers, such as surgery or chemotherapy. You might also have radiotherapy to help relieve your symptoms.
Unfortunately, most people won't be able to have surgery. This is because linitis plastica is often found to have spread at diagnosis.
Treatment for linitis plastica is like treatment for other types of stomach cancers, such as surgery or chemotherapy. You might also have radiotherapy to help relieve your symptoms.
Unfortunately, most people won't be able to have surgery. This is because linitis plastica is often found to have spread at diagnosis.
Liver cancer
Primary liver cancer is cancer that started in the liver.
If you have cancer that started in another part of your body and has spread to your liver you need to go to our information about secondary liver cancer (cancer spread to liver).
The main treatments for cancer that started in the liver (primary liver cancer) are:
- surgery
- chemotherapy directly into the liver and cutting off the blood supply to the tumour (chemoembolisation or TACE)
- heat directly to the tumour (thermal ablation) - radiofrequency ablation (RFA) or microwave ablation (MWA)
- targeted cancer drugs, such as atezolizumab and bevacizumab
- radiotherapy
The main treatments for cancer that started in the liver (primary liver cancer) are:
- surgery
- chemotherapy directly into the liver and cutting off the blood supply to the tumour (chemoembolisation or TACE)
- heat directly to the tumour (thermal ablation) - radiofrequency ablation (RFA) or microwave ablation (MWA)
- targeted cancer drugs, such as atezolizumab and bevacizumab
- radiotherapy
Lung cancer
Lung cancer starts in the windpipe (trachea), the main airway (bronchus) or the lung tissue. Cancer that starts in the lung is called primary lung cancer. There are different types of primary lung cancer. The most common type is non small cell lung cancer. The treatment you need depends on which type you have.
If cancer spreads to your lungs from somewhere else in your body, it is called secondary lung cancer (cancer spread to lung).
Your treatment depends on several factors. These include what type of lung cancer you have, how big it is and whether it has spread (the stage). It also depends on your general health.
If cancer spreads to your lungs from somewhere else in your body, it is called secondary lung cancer (cancer spread to lung).
Your treatment depends on several factors. These include what type of lung cancer you have, how big it is and whether it has spread (the stage). It also depends on your general health.
Lung Cancer Screening programme
People in Humber and North Yorkshire aged between 55 and 74, who smoke or used to smoke, and are registered with a local GP, could be eligible for free Lung Cancer Screening.
This is because research shows these people are most at risk of developing lung problems, including lung cancer.
Lung Cancer Screening can reassure you that your lungs are healthy or help find problems early when treatment could be simpler and more successful.
Click here to find out everything you need to know about Lung Cancer Screening checks in your area.
This is because research shows these people are most at risk of developing lung problems, including lung cancer.
Lung Cancer Screening can reassure you that your lungs are healthy or help find problems early when treatment could be simpler and more successful.
Click here to find out everything you need to know about Lung Cancer Screening checks in your area.
Lung neuroendocrine tumours (NETs)
Neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) are rare cancers that can start in different areas of the body, including the lungs. Some lung NETs are called carcinoid tumours.
The treatment you have for a lung neuroendocrine tumour (NET) depends on a number of things. This includes the type of NET, where the tumour is, its size and whether it has spread (the stage).
NETs grow at different rates, but they often grow very slowly. Some might not grow at all for months or years. So you might not need treatment straight away. Your doctor might just keep an eye on it with regular tests.
The treatment you have for a lung neuroendocrine tumour (NET) depends on a number of things. This includes the type of NET, where the tumour is, its size and whether it has spread (the stage).
NETs grow at different rates, but they often grow very slowly. Some might not grow at all for months or years. So you might not need treatment straight away. Your doctor might just keep an eye on it with regular tests.
Lymphoma
Lymphoma is a type of blood cancer that affects white blood cells called lymphocytes. It is also called a cancer of the lymphatic system, as it starts in the lymph glands or other organs of the lymphatic system.
There are two main types of lymphoma. These are called Hodgkin lymphoma and Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). The treatment you need depends on the type you have.
There are two main types of lymphoma. These are called Hodgkin lymphoma and Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). The treatment you need depends on the type you have.
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Macmillan Cancer Support
Macmillan Cancer Support is here to help everyone affected by cancer to live life as fully as they can, by providing physical, financial and emotional support.
Click here to find out more about support from Macmillan.
Click here to find out more about Citizens Advice and Macmillan Cancer Support's partnership, which provides free welfare benefits advice to people living with cancer in England.
Click here to find out more about support from Macmillan.
Click here to find out more about Citizens Advice and Macmillan Cancer Support's partnership, which provides free welfare benefits advice to people living with cancer in England.
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour (MPNST)
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumours (MPNSTs) is rare. It is a type of peripheral nerve sheath tumour that is malignant.
Most peripheral nerve sheath tumours are benign. A tumour is a lump or growth in the body. One type of non cancerous peripheral nerve sheath tumour is called a schwannoma.
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumours can be difficult to treat. Below are the treatment options:
- surgery
- radiotherpay
- chemotherapy
- targeted therapy
Most peripheral nerve sheath tumours are benign. A tumour is a lump or growth in the body. One type of non cancerous peripheral nerve sheath tumour is called a schwannoma.
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumours can be difficult to treat. Below are the treatment options:
- surgery
- radiotherpay
- chemotherapy
- targeted therapy
Mediastinal germ cell tumours
The mediastinum is the area in the centre of the chest, between the lungs. It is pronounced media-sty-num.
Mediastinal germ cell tumours are a type of tumour that grow in the mediastinum. They develop in a type of cell called germ cells.
There are different types of mediastinal germ cell tumours. Some mediastinal germ cell tumours are non cancerous (benign).
Your treatment depends on what type of mediastinal germ cell tumour you have. Treatment options include surgery and chemotherapy.
Mediastinal germ cell tumours are a type of tumour that grow in the mediastinum. They develop in a type of cell called germ cells.
There are different types of mediastinal germ cell tumours. Some mediastinal germ cell tumours are non cancerous (benign).
Your treatment depends on what type of mediastinal germ cell tumour you have. Treatment options include surgery and chemotherapy.
Melanoma skin cancer
Melanoma
is a type of cancer that starts in cells called melanocytes. These are found in the skin, the layer of tissue lining some parts of your body (mucous membrane) and the eye.
Treatment depends on how deep the melanoma is and whether it has spread. This is called the stage of the cancer. Treatment also depends on your general health and where the melanoma is on your body. Surgery is the main treatment for melanoma skin cancer.
Unfortunately, if the cancer has spread to places such as your liver or lungs then the melanoma is advanced. Different treatments are available for advanced melanoma skin cancer and melanoma that can not be removed with surgery.
Treatment depends on how deep the melanoma is and whether it has spread. This is called the stage of the cancer. Treatment also depends on your general health and where the melanoma is on your body. Surgery is the main treatment for melanoma skin cancer.
Unfortunately, if the cancer has spread to places such as your liver or lungs then the melanoma is advanced. Different treatments are available for advanced melanoma skin cancer and melanoma that can not be removed with surgery.
Men's cancer
Overall the number of men getting cancer is rising. Some cancers only affect men and we have listed them below.
- penile cancer
- prostate cancer
- testicular cancer
Some trans women and non-binary people (who are born male) can also get these cancers.
- penile cancer
- prostate cancer
- testicular cancer
Some trans women and non-binary people (who are born male) can also get these cancers.
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC)
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare type of skin cancer. It starts in the Merkel cells, which are usually in the top layer of the skin (the epidermis). These cells are near the nerve endings and they help us respond to touch.
MCC is very rare. Just over 1,500 people were diagnosed with MCC in England between 1999 and 2008.
Because Merkel cells are a type of neuroendocrine cell, MCC is also called a neuroendocrine tumour (NET) of the skin.
Surgery is the main treatment for MCC.
MCC is very rare. Just over 1,500 people were diagnosed with MCC in England between 1999 and 2008.
Because Merkel cells are a type of neuroendocrine cell, MCC is also called a neuroendocrine tumour (NET) of the skin.
Surgery is the main treatment for MCC.
Mesothelioma
Mesothelioma is a cancer that usually starts in the layers of tissue that cover each lung (the pleura). More rarely it can start in the peritoneum. The peritoneum is the layer of tissue that covers the organs in your tummy (abdomen).
Mesothelioma can be difficult to treat. It is often diagnosed at an advanced stage. Most treatments aim to control the cancer for as long as possible and keep your symptoms under control.
The treatment you might have depends on the type and stage of your mesothelioma. Some people with early stage mesothelioma have surgery. Other treatments include immunotherapy, chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
Mesothelioma can be difficult to treat. It is often diagnosed at an advanced stage. Most treatments aim to control the cancer for as long as possible and keep your symptoms under control.
The treatment you might have depends on the type and stage of your mesothelioma. Some people with early stage mesothelioma have surgery. Other treatments include immunotherapy, chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
Mouth and oropharyngeal cancer
Mouth cancer can start in different parts of the mouth, including the lips, gums or soft sides of the mouth.
Oropharyngeal cancer starts in the oropharynx. The oropharynx is the part of the throat (pharynx) just behind the mouth. Oropharyngeal cancer includes tonsil cancer and cancer in the back part of the tongue.
If your cancer started on your tongue or tonsils, you might also find it useful to look at information about these cancers in the head and neck section above.
The main treatments for mouth and oropharyngeal cancer are surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, chemoradiotherapy, and targeted and immunotherapy. You may also have treatment to reduce the symptoms and help you feel better. A team of doctors and other professionals discuss the best treatment and care for you.
Oropharyngeal cancer starts in the oropharynx. The oropharynx is the part of the throat (pharynx) just behind the mouth. Oropharyngeal cancer includes tonsil cancer and cancer in the back part of the tongue.
If your cancer started on your tongue or tonsils, you might also find it useful to look at information about these cancers in the head and neck section above.
The main treatments for mouth and oropharyngeal cancer are surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, chemoradiotherapy, and targeted and immunotherapy. You may also have treatment to reduce the symptoms and help you feel better. A team of doctors and other professionals discuss the best treatment and care for you.
Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS)
Myelodysplastic syndromes are a group of blood cancers. They are also called myelodysplastic neoplasms, or MDS for short. You may also hear them called myelodysplastic disorders.
Some people with MDS go on to develop acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). How they progress depends on:
- the type of MDS
- the risk of that type changing into AML
The type of treatment you have for MDS depends on:
- your type of MDS
- your risk group
- whether you have any other health conditions
Treatment aims to get the number and type of blood cells in the bloodstream back to normal.
Some people with MDS go on to develop acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). How they progress depends on:
- the type of MDS
- the risk of that type changing into AML
The type of treatment you have for MDS depends on:
- your type of MDS
- your risk group
- whether you have any other health conditions
Treatment aims to get the number and type of blood cells in the bloodstream back to normal.
Myelofibrosis
Myelofibrosis
is a rare blood cancer. It causes scarring of the bone marrow which makes it more difficult to produce blood cells. It is one of a group of conditions called myeloproliferative neoplasms or myeloproliferative disorders.
Your treatment depends on a number of factors including:
- your blood cell levels at diagnosis
- your symptoms
- the number of immature cells you have in your blood
- your risk group
Your treatment depends on a number of factors including:
- your blood cell levels at diagnosis
- your symptoms
- the number of immature cells you have in your blood
- your risk group
Myeloma
Myeloma is a type of cancer that develops from plasma cells in the bone marrow.
Myeloma is sometimes called multiple myeloma because it affects more than one part of your body. 'Multiple myeloma' and 'myeloma' mean the same thing.
The main treatments for myeloma include targeted cancer drugs, chemotherapy and steroids. You may also have treatment to reduce the symptoms and help you feel better.
The main treatments for myeloma include targeted cancer drugs, chemotherapy and steroids. You may also have treatment to reduce the symptoms and help you feel better.
Myeloproliferative neoplasms
Myeloproliferative neoplasms
are a group of rare disorders of the bone marrow that cause an increase in the number of blood cells.
You may also hear doctors call them MPN or myeloproliferative disorders (MPD).
Most people who develop myeloproliferative neoplasms are over 60.
The treatment you have depends on your type of myeloproliferative neoplasm. The aim of treatment is usually to control symptoms rather than cure the condition.
Treatments might include:
- venesection - this is a simple procedure for people with a high red blood cell count. You will have around a pint of blood removed, which will reduce the number of red cells in your blood
- drugs to control the blood count - these might include weak forms of chemotherapy or drugs that target the immune system
- bone marrow or stem cell transplant from a donor - this treatment aims to cure a myeloproliferative neoplasm. This treatment is not suitable for everyone. This is because it is an intensive treatment and it has many risks. Your doctor will tell you more about this if it is suitable for you.
You may also hear doctors call them MPN or myeloproliferative disorders (MPD).
Most people who develop myeloproliferative neoplasms are over 60.
The treatment you have depends on your type of myeloproliferative neoplasm. The aim of treatment is usually to control symptoms rather than cure the condition.
Treatments might include:
- venesection - this is a simple procedure for people with a high red blood cell count. You will have around a pint of blood removed, which will reduce the number of red cells in your blood
- drugs to control the blood count - these might include weak forms of chemotherapy or drugs that target the immune system
- bone marrow or stem cell transplant from a donor - this treatment aims to cure a myeloproliferative neoplasm. This treatment is not suitable for everyone. This is because it is an intensive treatment and it has many risks. Your doctor will tell you more about this if it is suitable for you.
N
Nasal and paranasal sinus cancer
Nasal and paranasal sinus cancer is rare. It starts in the lining of the space behind the nose (nasal cavity) or in the small, air filled spaces within the bones close to the nasal cavity (paranasal sinuses).
The main treatments for nasal and paranasal sinus cancer are surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy. You may also have treatment to reduce the symptoms and help you feel better.
The main treatments for nasal and paranasal sinus cancer are surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy. You may also have treatment to reduce the symptoms and help you feel better.
Nasopharyngeal cancer
Cancer that develops in the nasopharynx is called nasopharyngeal cancer. The nasopharynx connects the back of your nose to the back of your mouth.
The main treatments for nasopharyngeal cancer include radiotherapy and chemotherapy.
The main treatments for nasopharyngeal cancer include radiotherapy and chemotherapy.
Neuroblastoma
Neuroblastoma is a rare cancer that affects children, mostly under the age of five years old. It usually starts in the tummy (abdomen) area.
Doctors plan your child’s treatment in one of the major children’s cancer centres. Your child has most of their treatment in this specialist centre. They might have some care at a hospital closer to home.
Children's cancer centres have teams of specialists who know about neuroblastoma and the best way to treat them.
The main treatments include:
- surgery
- chemotherapy
- radiotherapy
- immunotherapy
Doctors plan your child’s treatment in one of the major children’s cancer centres. Your child has most of their treatment in this specialist centre. They might have some care at a hospital closer to home.
Children's cancer centres have teams of specialists who know about neuroblastoma and the best way to treat them.
The main treatments include:
- surgery
- chemotherapy
- radiotherapy
- immunotherapy
Neuroendocrine tumours
Neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) are rare tumours that develop in cells of the neuroendocrine system. They are also called neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs). There are a number of different types. The type you have depends on the particular cells that the tumour starts in.
Some types of NETs are also called carcinoid tumours.
Some types of NETs are also called carcinoid tumours.
Neuroendocrine tumours of the pancreas
Neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) are rare cancers that start in neuroendocrine cells. There are neuroendocrine cells in most organs of our body, including the pancreas.
There are different types of NETs of the pancreas. They are usually grouped into functioning and non functioning NETs. There are five main types of functioning pancreatic NETs which are called insulinoma, gastrinoma, somatostatinoma, glucagonoma and VIPoma.
Pancreatic NETs are rare and need different treatment to the more common type of pancreatic cancer.
There are different types of NETs of the pancreas. They are usually grouped into functioning and non functioning NETs. There are five main types of functioning pancreatic NETs which are called insulinoma, gastrinoma, somatostatinoma, glucagonoma and VIPoma.
Pancreatic NETs are rare and need different treatment to the more common type of pancreatic cancer.
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is a type of blood cancer that affects white blood cells called lymphocytes. It is also called a cancer of the lymphatic system. This is because it starts in lymph nodes or other parts of the lymphatic system.
Your treatment depends on several factors. These include what type of NHL you have and where it has spread to (the stage). It also depends on how fast it is growing (the grade) and your general health.
Treatment might include chemotherapy, targeted and immunotherapy drugs, steroids, radiotherapy and a stem cell transplant.
Your treatment depends on several factors. These include what type of NHL you have and where it has spread to (the stage). It also depends on how fast it is growing (the grade) and your general health.
Treatment might include chemotherapy, targeted and immunotherapy drugs, steroids, radiotherapy and a stem cell transplant.
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma in children
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is a type of blood cancer that affects white blood cells called lymphocytes. It is also called a cancer of the lymphatic system. This is because it starts in lymph nodes or other parts of the lymphatic system.
Any type of cancer in children is rare. Around 95 children (aged 0 to 14 years) are diagnosed with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in the UK every year. NHL is more common in boys than in girls, the reasons for this are unclear.
Chemotherapy is the main treatment for children with NHL. Children usually have a combination of chemotherapy item drugs and steroids. Some children will have radiotherapy, but this is rare.
Any type of cancer in children is rare. Around 95 children (aged 0 to 14 years) are diagnosed with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in the UK every year. NHL is more common in boys than in girls, the reasons for this are unclear.
Chemotherapy is the main treatment for children with NHL. Children usually have a combination of chemotherapy item drugs and steroids. Some children will have radiotherapy, but this is rare.
Non-surgical Oncology programme
In Humber and North Yorkshire, non-surgical oncology (NSO) services face growing demand and workforce challenges. We are working to develop sustainable and standardised care models to improve service delivery and patient outcomes across the region.
Non-surgical oncology is the name given to services that provide treatment for cancer without surgery - mainly radiotherapy and systemic anti-cancer treatment, formerly referred to as chemotherapy.
Click here to find out more about the Non-surgical Oncology programme.
Non-surgical oncology is the name given to services that provide treatment for cancer without surgery - mainly radiotherapy and systemic anti-cancer treatment, formerly referred to as chemotherapy.
Click here to find out more about the Non-surgical Oncology programme.
Nursing and Allied Health Professionals Workforce programme
The Nursing and Allied Health Professionals Workforce programme is vital in supporting and working collaboratively with cancer clinical leads across Humber and North Yorkshire to achieve the aim of being a clinically led Cancer Alliance.
The programme provides expert and highly specialist professional and clinical knowledge and advice in the delivery of the nursing and allied health professional-related elements of the NHS Long Term Plan for Cancer.
Click here to find out more about the Nursing and Allied Health Professionals programme.
The programme provides expert and highly specialist professional and clinical knowledge and advice in the delivery of the nursing and allied health professional-related elements of the NHS Long Term Plan for Cancer.
Click here to find out more about the Nursing and Allied Health Professionals programme.
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Oesophageal cancer
Oesophageal cancer is when abnormal cells in the food pipe (oesophagus) grow in an uncontrolled way. The oesophagus is also known as the gullet. It is the tube that carries food from your mouth to your stomach. Most people are over the age of 60 when they are diagnosed.
A team of health professionals will discuss the best treatment for you. This depends on factors such as your cancer stage and grade. You might have one or more treatments. The most common treatments are surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy.
A team of health professionals will discuss the best treatment for you. This depends on factors such as your cancer stage and grade. You might have one or more treatments. The most common treatments are surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy.
Other conditions
Click here to read about to conditions that can be confused with cancer. And conditions that can develop into cancer after many years.
Understanding more about these conditions or cancer types can help you cope.
Understanding more about these conditions or cancer types can help you cope.
Ovarian cancer
Ovarian cancer is when abnormal cells in the ovary, fallopian tube or peritoneum begin to grow and divide in an uncontrolled way. They eventually form a growth (tumour). If not caught early, cancer cells gradually grow into the surrounding tissues. And may spread to other areas of the body.
Ovarian cancer can affect women, some transgender men and non-binary people assigned female at birth.
A team of health professionals will discuss the best treatment for you. This depends on factors such as your cancer stage and grade. You might have one or more treatments. The most common treatments are surgery and chemotherapy.
Ovarian cancer can affect women, some transgender men and non-binary people assigned female at birth.
A team of health professionals will discuss the best treatment for you. This depends on factors such as your cancer stage and grade. You might have one or more treatments. The most common treatments are surgery and chemotherapy.
P
Pancreatic cancer
Pancreatic cancer is when abnormal cells in the pancreas start to divide and grow in an uncontrolled way and forms a growth (tumour). The pancreas is a large gland that produces digestive juices and hormones.
Around 10,500 people are diagnosed with pancreatic cancer in the UK each year. It is the 10th most common cancer in the UK.
The main treatments for pancreatic cancer include chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery. Your treatment depends on the position of the cancer in the pancreas, the type of pancreatic cancer it is, whether it has spread, if they can remove it with surgery and your general health.
The main treatments for pancreatic cancer include chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery. Your treatment depends on the position of the cancer in the pancreas, the type of pancreatic cancer it is, whether it has spread, if they can remove it with surgery and your general health.
Patient and Public Representative Group
Humber and North Yorkshire Cancer Alliance is actively recruiting people with lived experience of cancer to join its expanding Patient and Public Representative Group. Lived experience could mean either as a patient or the carer of someone with a cancer diagnosis.
As a Patient or Public Representative, you will have the opportunity to share your experience of cancer to help improve cancer services across Humber and North Yorkshire.
Click here to find out how to join.
As a Patient or Public Representative, you will have the opportunity to share your experience of cancer to help improve cancer services across Humber and North Yorkshire.
Click here to find out how to join.
Penile cancer
Penile cancer is a rare cancer in the UK. It happens when abnormal penile cells grow in an uncontrolled way. It can develop anywhere on the penis but is most common under the foreskin in men who haven’t been circumcised or on the head of the penis (the glans).
The main treatments for penile cancer are surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
The main treatments for penile cancer are surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
Persistent trophoblastic disease and choriocarcinoma
Invasive mole and choriocarcinoma are very rare types of cancer that can occur after pregnancy. They are types of gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD). Invasive mole is also called
persistent trophoblastic disease (PTD).
The main treatment for invasive mole or choriocarcinoma is chemotherapy. But some women might be offered surgery.
The main treatment for invasive mole or choriocarcinoma is chemotherapy. But some women might be offered surgery.
Phaeochromocytoma
Phaeochromocytomas are rare tumours that start in the inner section of the adrenal gland (the medulla).
Treatment depends on several factors, including the size of your tumour, whether it has spread and your general health and fitness.
The main treatment for phaeochromocytoma is surgery. Other treatments include internal radiotherapy, external radiotherapy and chemotherapy.
Treatment depends on several factors, including the size of your tumour, whether it has spread and your general health and fitness.
The main treatment for phaeochromocytoma is surgery. Other treatments include internal radiotherapy, external radiotherapy and chemotherapy.
Placental site trophoblastic tumour and epithelioid trophoblastic tumour
Placental site trophoblastic tumours (PSTTs) and epithelioid trophoblastic tumours (ETTs) are cancers that happen after pregnancy. They are extremely rare and are slow growing.
The main treatment options are:
- surgery
- chemotherapy and drug treatments
The main treatment options are:
- surgery
- chemotherapy and drug treatments
Polycythaemia vera (PV)
Polycythaemia vera (PV) is a rare blood cancer that affects the bone marrow. It is sometimes called erythrocytosis which means too many red blood cells.
It is one of a group of conditions called myeloproliferative neoplasms or myeloproliferative disorders.
Treatment for PV aims to reduce the number of red blood cells. And reduce the risk of developing more serious problems such as blood clots. You might have more than one of these treatments.
Treatment for PV aims to reduce the number of red blood cells. And reduce the risk of developing more serious problems such as blood clots. You might have more than one of these treatments.
Prostate cancer
Prostate cancer is cancer that starts in the prostate gland. The prostate gland is found at the base of the bladder and is about the size of a walnut.
It is the most common cancer in men in the UK. Some trans women and non-binary people (who are born male) can get prostate cancer.
There are a number of different treatments for prostate cancer. You may have a choice of treatments such as surgery or radiotherapy. Or your doctor might suggest that you have monitoring of your cancer instead of treatment straight away. Your doctor will recommend the best treatment for you.
It is the most common cancer in men in the UK. Some trans women and non-binary people (who are born male) can get prostate cancer.
There are a number of different treatments for prostate cancer. You may have a choice of treatments such as surgery or radiotherapy. Or your doctor might suggest that you have monitoring of your cancer instead of treatment straight away. Your doctor will recommend the best treatment for you.
Pseudomyxoma peritonei
Pseudomyxoma peritonei is a very rare type of cancer that usually begins in your appendix as a small growth, called a polyp. Treatment could include surgery combined with chemotherapy into the tummy (abdomen).
The main treatments for pseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP) are surgery and chemotherapy. Your treatment depends on the size of the cancer and your general health.
You might not start treatment straight away. Your doctor closely monitors your cancer in case you need treatment in the future. This is called watch and wait.
If you need treatment you might have:
- surgery combined with chemotherapy into the tummy (abdomen)
- surgery to remove as much cancer as possible (debulking surgery)
- chemotherapy
The main treatments for pseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP) are surgery and chemotherapy. Your treatment depends on the size of the cancer and your general health.
You might not start treatment straight away. Your doctor closely monitors your cancer in case you need treatment in the future. This is called watch and wait.
If you need treatment you might have:
- surgery combined with chemotherapy into the tummy (abdomen)
- surgery to remove as much cancer as possible (debulking surgery)
- chemotherapy
R
Radiotherapy
Radiotherapy means the use of radiation, usually x-rays, to treat cancer. You might have radiotherapy from inside the body, called internal radiotherapy. Or external radiotherapy, which is from outside the body.
You may have radiotherapy:
- to try to cure cancer
- reduce the chance of cancer coming back
- to help relieve symptoms
You might have it by itself or with other treatments, such as chemotherapy or surgery.
You may have radiotherapy:
- to try to cure cancer
- reduce the chance of cancer coming back
- to help relieve symptoms
You might have it by itself or with other treatments, such as chemotherapy or surgery.
Rare cancers
Rare cancers affect a small number of people. Doctors might also call a cancer rare if it starts in an unusual place in the body. Or if the cancer is an unusual type and needs special treatment.
There are more than 200 different types of cancer, including leukaemias and lymphomas. They develop from the different types of cells in different parts of the body. Cancers are often classed as common, less common and rare.
Breast, prostate, lung and bowel cancer are the top four most common cancers.
Examples of less common cancer include:
- melanoma skin cancer
- kidney cancer
- brain tumours
- non-Hodgkin lymphoma
- pancreatic cancer
There are more than 200 different types of cancer, including leukaemias and lymphomas. They develop from the different types of cells in different parts of the body. Cancers are often classed as common, less common and rare.
Breast, prostate, lung and bowel cancer are the top four most common cancers.
Examples of less common cancer include:
- melanoma skin cancer
- kidney cancer
- brain tumours
- non-Hodgkin lymphoma
- pancreatic cancer
Rectal cancer
Rectal cancer is a type of cancer that forms in the rectum, the lower part of the large intestine.
Bowel cancer means cancer that starts in the large bowel (colon) and the back passage (rectum). Your treatment depends on where the cancer starts in your bowel.
Retinoblastoma
Retinoblastoma is a rare type of eye cancer. It most commonly affects children under the age of five. One or both eyes can be affected.
Retinoblastoma is a rare cancer. Your child will go to a specialist centre for treatment.
There are different treatments such as:
- freezing the cancer (cryotherapy)
- laser therapy
- chemotherapy
- radiotherapy
- surgery
The treatment your child has depends on several things. This may include the size of the cancer and if it is in one or both eyes.
Retinoblastoma is a rare cancer. Your child will go to a specialist centre for treatment.
There are different treatments such as:
- freezing the cancer (cryotherapy)
- laser therapy
- chemotherapy
- radiotherapy
- surgery
The treatment your child has depends on several things. This may include the size of the cancer and if it is in one or both eyes.
S
Salivary gland cancer
Salivary gland cancer can start in any of the glands that make spit (saliva).
As well as three major pairs of salivary glands we have over 600 smaller, minor salivary glands throughout the lining of the mouth and throat.
Surgery and radiotherapy are the main treatments for salivary gland cancer. Chemotherapy is usually only used as a treatment for advanced salivary gland cancers.
As well as three major pairs of salivary glands we have over 600 smaller, minor salivary glands throughout the lining of the mouth and throat.
Surgery and radiotherapy are the main treatments for salivary gland cancer. Chemotherapy is usually only used as a treatment for advanced salivary gland cancers.
Secondary cancer
A primary cancer is where a cancer starts. Sometimes cancer cells can break away from the primary cancer and settle and grow in another part of the body. This new cancer growth is called
secondary cancer. Secondary cancers are also called metastases.
Signet cell cancer
Signet cell cancer is a rare type of cancer that starts in glandular cells.
It is most often found in the stomach but can develop in other parts of the body. This includes the:
- breast
- bowel
- pancreas
- bladder
- lung
It is most often found in the stomach but can develop in other parts of the body. This includes the:
- breast
- bowel
- pancreas
- bladder
- lung
Skin cancer
Skin cancer includes basal cell skin cancer, squamous cell skin cancers and other rare types.
There are two main types of skin cancer - non melanoma skin cancer and melanoma skin cancer.
Non melanoma skin cancer includes:
- basal cell skin cancer - this is also called basal cell carcinoma (BCC)
- squamous cell skin cancer - this is also called squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)
- some other rare types
The main treatment for skin cancer is surgery. Most people only have surgery and don't need further treatment. But some people might not be able to have surgery, or need another treatment after surgery.
Other treatments include:
- radiotherapy
- immunotherapy cream
- photodynamic therapy
- chemotherapy cream
You might have one or more of these treatments, depending on your situation.
There are two main types of skin cancer - non melanoma skin cancer and melanoma skin cancer.
Non melanoma skin cancer includes:
- basal cell skin cancer - this is also called basal cell carcinoma (BCC)
- squamous cell skin cancer - this is also called squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)
- some other rare types
The main treatment for skin cancer is surgery. Most people only have surgery and don't need further treatment. But some people might not be able to have surgery, or need another treatment after surgery.
Other treatments include:
- radiotherapy
- immunotherapy cream
- photodynamic therapy
- chemotherapy cream
You might have one or more of these treatments, depending on your situation.
Small bowel cancer
The small bowel makes up most of the digestive system and helps your body to digest food and take in vitamins. Cancer that starts here is called small bowel cancer.
The small bowel is between four and six metres long and is made up of three parts. The:
- duodenum (dew-oh-dean-um) – the top part of the small bowel, which connects to the stomach
- jejunum (jej-you-num) – the middle part
- ileum (ill-ee-um) – the lower part, which connects to the large bowel (colon)
Most cases of small bowel cancer are found in the duodenum.
Treatments for small bowel cancer can include:
- surgery
- radiotherapy
- chemotherapy
The small bowel is between four and six metres long and is made up of three parts. The:
- duodenum (dew-oh-dean-um) – the top part of the small bowel, which connects to the stomach
- jejunum (jej-you-num) – the middle part
- ileum (ill-ee-um) – the lower part, which connects to the large bowel (colon)
Most cases of small bowel cancer are found in the duodenum.
Treatments for small bowel cancer can include:
- surgery
- radiotherapy
- chemotherapy
Small bowel neuroendocrine tumours (NETs)
Neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) are rare cancers that can start in different places in the body, including the small bowel.
Small bowel neuroendocrine tumours are rare and need different treatment to other more common types of small bowel cancer. They often develop slowly and don’t always have specific symptoms.
Surgery is the main treatment for small bowel neuroendocrine tumours. But surgery isn’t always possible. Some small bowel neuroendocrine tumours might have already started to spread when you are diagnosed. Or you might not be well enough to have it. You continue to have treatment to help your symptoms if surgery isn’t an option.
Surgery is the main treatment for small bowel neuroendocrine tumours. But surgery isn’t always possible. Some small bowel neuroendocrine tumours might have already started to spread when you are diagnosed. Or you might not be well enough to have it. You continue to have treatment to help your symptoms if surgery isn’t an option.
Soft tissue sarcomas
Soft tissue sarcomas are cancers that develop in the connective and supporting tissues of the body. These include tissues such as the muscle, nerves, fat, fibrous tissue and blood vessels.
There are many different types of soft tissue sarcoma. Depending on the type, they have different behaviours and outcomes. The type depends on what cell the cancer started in.
The main treatment for soft tissue sarcoma is surgery. You may also have radiotherapy treatment to reduce the symptoms and help you feel better. A team of doctors and other professionals discuss the best treatment and care for you.
There are many different types of soft tissue sarcoma. Depending on the type, they have different behaviours and outcomes. The type depends on what cell the cancer started in.
The main treatment for soft tissue sarcoma is surgery. You may also have radiotherapy treatment to reduce the symptoms and help you feel better. A team of doctors and other professionals discuss the best treatment and care for you.
Spinal cord tumours
Tumours that start in the spinal cord are called primary
spinal cord tumours.
They are rare. There are different types of primary spinal cord tumours. The most common types are:
- meningiomas
- tumours of the spinal nerves (neurofibromas and schwannomas)
- ependymomas
Cancers can spread to the spinal cord from elsewhere in the body. These are called spine metastases or secondary cancers. They are different from ones that started in the spine (primary spinal cord tumours). They often need different treatment.
Treatment for a spinal cord tumour depends on:
- the type of tumour you have
- its position on the spinal cord
- your age and how well you are
- meningiomas
- tumours of the spinal nerves (neurofibromas and schwannomas)
- ependymomas
Cancers can spread to the spinal cord from elsewhere in the body. These are called spine metastases or secondary cancers. They are different from ones that started in the spine (primary spinal cord tumours). They often need different treatment.
Treatment for a spinal cord tumour depends on:
- the type of tumour you have
- its position on the spinal cord
- your age and how well you are
Squamous cell skin cancer
Skin cancer includes basal cell skin cancer, squamous cell skin cancers and other rare types. These skin cancers are known as non melanoma skin cancer.
Surgery is the main treatment for non-melanoma skin cancer. Radiotherapy, targeted medicines, photodynamic therapy and chemotherapy are also sometimes used.
Surgery is the main treatment for non-melanoma skin cancer. Radiotherapy, targeted medicines, photodynamic therapy and chemotherapy are also sometimes used.
Stages of cancer
Staging is a way of describing the size of a cancer and how far it has grown. When doctors first diagnose a cancer, they carry out tests to:
- check how big the cancer is
- whether it has spread into surrounding tissues
- whether it has spread to other parts of the body
Click here to find out more about the stages of cancer.
- check how big the cancer is
- whether it has spread into surrounding tissues
- whether it has spread to other parts of the body
Click here to find out more about the stages of cancer.
Stomach cancer
Stomach cancer is also called gastric cancer. It’s more common in older people and in men.
The stomach is part of the digestive system. It stores food and helps to break food down so our body can absorb it.
A team of health professionals will discuss the best treatment for you. This depends on factors such as your cancer stage and grade. You might have one or more treatments. These include surgery, chemotherapy, targeted and immunotherapy cancer drugs and radiotherapy.
A team of health professionals will discuss the best treatment for you. This depends on factors such as your cancer stage and grade. You might have one or more treatments. These include surgery, chemotherapy, targeted and immunotherapy cancer drugs and radiotherapy.
Stomach neuroendocrine tumours (NETs)
Stomach (gastric) neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) are rare tumours that can start in the stomach. They are also called neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs).
They are sometimes called neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs) depending on how the cells look under a microscope. There are three types of stomach NETs. The main treatment is surgery.
You might hear some stomach NETs called carcinoid tumours.
They are sometimes called neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs) depending on how the cells look under a microscope. There are three types of stomach NETs. The main treatment is surgery.
You might hear some stomach NETs called carcinoid tumours.
T
Testicular cancer
Testicular cancer cancer is when abnormal cells in a testicle start to divide and grow in an uncontrolled way. The testicles are part of the male reproductive system.
Most people have surgery to remove their testicle as their first treatment for testicular cancer. After surgery you might need further treatment such as chemotherapy or radiotherapy. And you might need another operation to remove lymph nodes from the back of your tummy (abdomen).
If your cancer has spread beyond your testicle, you might have chemotherapy as your first treatment.
Most people have surgery to remove their testicle as their first treatment for testicular cancer. After surgery you might need further treatment such as chemotherapy or radiotherapy. And you might need another operation to remove lymph nodes from the back of your tummy (abdomen).
If your cancer has spread beyond your testicle, you might have chemotherapy as your first treatment.
Throat cancer
Throat cancer is not a precise medical term so doctors generally don't use it. Within the throat, there are several different parts. These all have different names.
Cancers are treated according to where they started and the type of cell they started from. You can ask your doctor or nurse to write the exact name of your cancer down for you, if you are unsure.
Cancers are treated according to where they started and the type of cell they started from. You can ask your doctor or nurse to write the exact name of your cancer down for you, if you are unsure.
Thymus gland cancer
Cancer of the
thymus gland is rare. Most cancers that start in the thymus gland are called thymomas. There’s also a much rarer form of thymus gland cancer called thymic carcinoma.
The main treatment for thymus gland cancer is surgery. This gives the best chance of curing the cancer, if possible.
The treatment you have after surgery depends on the type of thymus gland cancer you have. And how far it has spread (the stage).
The main treatment for thymus gland cancer is surgery. This gives the best chance of curing the cancer, if possible.
The treatment you have after surgery depends on the type of thymus gland cancer you have. And how far it has spread (the stage).
Thyroid cancer
The thyroid is a small butterfly shaped gland that makes and releases hormones. It’s found at the front, lower part of your neck, just behind the small hollow where your collar bones meet.
Thyroid cancer is quite rare. It’s more common in women than in men. There are different types of thyroid cancer and your treatment depends on what type you have.
Treatment for thyroid cancer includes:
- surgery
- radioactive iodine
- targeted cancer drugs
- radiotherapy
- chemotherapy
Thyroid cancer is quite rare. It’s more common in women than in men. There are different types of thyroid cancer and your treatment depends on what type you have.
Treatment for thyroid cancer includes:
- surgery
- radioactive iodine
- targeted cancer drugs
- radiotherapy
- chemotherapy
Tongue cancer
Tongue cancer is classed as a mouth or oropharyngeal cancer. This depends on whether it starts in the front or the back of the tongue.
The main treatments for tongue cancer include surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, either combined or on their own.
The main treatments for tongue cancer include surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, either combined or on their own.
Tonsil cancer
Cancer of the tonsil develops in the part of the throat just behind your mouth, called the oropharynx. It is a type of head and neck cancer.
The main treatments for tonsil cancer are surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. You might have a combination of these or one treatment on its own.
The main treatments for tonsil cancer are surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. You might have a combination of these or one treatment on its own.
Treatment for cancer
Your treatment depends on where your cancer is, how big it is, whether it has spread, and your general health. There are different types of treatment you might have. Understanding your treatment and the side effects can help you to cope.
Click here to find out more about the different types of cancer treatment.
Click here to find out more about the different types of cancer treatment.
Treatment, Pathways and Personalised Care programme
The Treatment, Pathways and Personalised Care programme works with partners to ensure the healthcare system has enough capacity to deliver equitable cancer services for all people in our region.
Click here to find out more about the Treatment, Pathways and Personalised Care programme.
Click here to find out more about the Treatment, Pathways and Personalised Care programme.
Tumours of the adrenal gland
There are two adrenal glands, one above each kidney. They make hormones that help the body work properly and are vital to life.
Most tumours of the adrenal gland are called adenomas. These are not cancer, they are benign tumours. Rarely, cancer can develop in the adrenal glands. There are different types of adrenal gland cancer including
phaeochromocytoma
and adrenal cortical cancer.
U
Unknown primary cancer
Cancer of unknown primary (CUP) means that cancer spread has been found in your body (secondary cancer), but your doctors can't find where the cancer started (the primary cancer). It is sometimes called unknown primary cancer or unknown primary tumour.
The tests and treatments for cancer of unknown primary in children and young adults might be different to adults.
The tests and treatments for cancer of unknown primary in children and young adults might be different to adults.
Upper urinary tract urothelial cancer
Upper urinary tract urothelial cancer is a rare type of cancer of the lining of the kidney or ureter. It used to be called transitional cell cancer (TCC) of the kidney or ureter. This is because it starts in cells called transitional cells.
There are many different types of cells in the body, each with a particular job to do. Transitional cells line the renal pelvis, ureters, bladder and urethra. They can change shape and stretch. This means these parts of the body can expand to store urine or to let urine flow through them.
Surgery is the most common treatment for upper urinary tract urothelial cancer. This is a big operation, so your doctor will check if you’re healthy enough to make a good recovery.
If you have a small cancer that has a low risk of spreading, or your kidneys don’t work very well, you may be able to have a smaller procedure. This means you don’t need to have your kidney removed. This is only possible for a very small number of people. Your doctor will tell you if this is suitable for you.
If the cancer is advanced, or you can’t have surgery, you may have chemotherapy or immunotherapy instead of an operation.
There are many different types of cells in the body, each with a particular job to do. Transitional cells line the renal pelvis, ureters, bladder and urethra. They can change shape and stretch. This means these parts of the body can expand to store urine or to let urine flow through them.
Surgery is the most common treatment for upper urinary tract urothelial cancer. This is a big operation, so your doctor will check if you’re healthy enough to make a good recovery.
If you have a small cancer that has a low risk of spreading, or your kidneys don’t work very well, you may be able to have a smaller procedure. This means you don’t need to have your kidney removed. This is only possible for a very small number of people. Your doctor will tell you if this is suitable for you.
If the cancer is advanced, or you can’t have surgery, you may have chemotherapy or immunotherapy instead of an operation.
Uterine cancer
The womb is the pear shaped muscular organ that holds a baby during pregnancy. Most womb cancers start in the lining of the womb. They are also called uterine or endometrial cancer. The endometrium is the lining of the womb.
The main treatment is surgery. After surgery, or if surgery isn't possible, you might have chemotherapy, radiotherapy or a combination of treatments. You may also have treatment to reduce the symptoms and help you feel better. A team of doctors and other professionals discuss the best treatment and care for you.
The main treatment is surgery. After surgery, or if surgery isn't possible, you might have chemotherapy, radiotherapy or a combination of treatments. You may also have treatment to reduce the symptoms and help you feel better. A team of doctors and other professionals discuss the best treatment and care for you.
V
Vaginal cancer
Vaginal cancer is rare. It starts in the vagina, which is the passage that leads from the neck of the womb (cervix) to the vulva. This is part of the female reproductive system. Vaginal cancer is more common in older women.
Your treatment depends on a number of factors including the type and stage of cancer and where the cancer is in your vagina. Treatments include radiotherapy, surgery, and chemotherapy. You might have chemotherapy and radiotherapy together (chemoradiotherapy).
Your treatment depends on a number of factors including the type and stage of cancer and where the cancer is in your vagina. Treatments include radiotherapy, surgery, and chemotherapy. You might have chemotherapy and radiotherapy together (chemoradiotherapy).
Vulval cancer
Vulval cancer is a rare cancer. It is sometimes called vulvar cancer. Vulval cancer can start in any part of the vulva. The vulva is the area between a woman’s legs that includes the external sex organs.
The treatment you need depends on how big the cancer is and whether it has spread. The most common treatment is surgery. You may also have radiotherapy and chemotherapy. A team of health professionals recommends the best treatment and care for you.
The treatment you need depends on how big the cancer is and whether it has spread. The most common treatment is surgery. You may also have radiotherapy and chemotherapy. A team of health professionals recommends the best treatment and care for you.
W
Wilms tumour (nephroblastoma)
Wilms tumour is a type of kidney cancer that most commonly affects young children.
Children's cancer centres have teams of specialists who know about Wilms tumours and the best way to treat them. Wilms tumour is curable in about 9 out of 10 children (about 90%).
The main treatments include:
- chemotherapy for almost all children
- surgery for all children
- radiotherapy for some children
Children's cancer centres have teams of specialists who know about Wilms tumours and the best way to treat them. Wilms tumour is curable in about 9 out of 10 children (about 90%).
The main treatments include:
- chemotherapy for almost all children
- surgery for all children
- radiotherapy for some children
Womb cancer
The womb is the pear shaped muscular organ that holds a baby during pregnancy. Most womb cancers start in the lining of the womb. They are also called uterine or endometrial cancer. The endometrium is the lining of the womb.
The main treatment is surgery. After surgery, or if surgery isn't possible, you might have chemotherapy, radiotherapy or a combination of treatments. You may also have treatment to reduce the symptoms and help you feel better.
The main treatment is surgery. After surgery, or if surgery isn't possible, you might have chemotherapy, radiotherapy or a combination of treatments. You may also have treatment to reduce the symptoms and help you feel better.
Women's cancers (gynaecological cancer)
Cancers that start in the female reproductive system are called
gynaecological cancers. These cancer types can affect women, some transgender men and non-binary people assigned female at birth.
The treatment you need depends on where the cancer started. Knowing the type of cancer means you can get the correct information about it.
The treatment you need depends on where the cancer started. Knowing the type of cancer means you can get the correct information about it.